A team of U of T Engineering researchers has some practical advice for developers, homeowners and urban planners who want to reduce their environmental impact. 

“Simply put, you should build as small as you can for what you need, and if possible, you should avoid having a basement,” says Professor Shoshanna Saxe (CivMin), senior author of a paper recently published in Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 

Saxe and her team are experts in life cycle analysis, a way of accounting for the environmental impact of new infrastructure. According to the Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction, buildings accounted for 38% of global carbon emissions in 2020, compared with only 23% from the transportation industry. This includes emissions produced during construction as well as operation, including natural gas heating or coal-powered electricity.  

“In downtown Toronto there are a lot of new condominiums going up, but if you look almost anywhere else, you’ll see that mostly what we’re building these days is single-family homes,” says Saxe. “That form is inherently challenging when it comes to carbon emissions, and it’s made more so by the fact that we’re building much bigger houses than we used to.” 

To analyze how newly constructed houses fare when it comes to environmental impact, Saxe and her team made use of publicly available data from the City of Toronto’s Committees of Adjustment. They were able to access detailed plans for 40 single-family homes set to be built in the city in 2020 and 2021. 

After extracting data on what materials were being used, in what quantities and for which components of the building, the team was able to calculate material intensity: a measure of how many kilograms of material are consumed either per square metre, per bedroom, or per building. This in turn provides a useful proxy for greenhouse gas emissions due to construction. 

In general, larger houses had a higher material intensity than smaller ones. This was true even when the researchers looked at material intensity on a per bedroom basis, as a proxy for how many people will live in the house. Because the bedrooms in large houses were proportionally larger, they used even more material than those in small ones. 

But the real surprise came when the team looked at how much of the overall material intensity could be attributed to various components of the building: for example, how wood-framed walls  compared with brick facades. 

“What we found was that concrete basements were by far the largest driver of material use, accounting for an average of 56% of the total material intensity,” says Aldrick Arceo (CivMin PhD candidate), lead author of the new study.  

“In terms of greenhouse gas emissions, the picture gets even worse, because concrete is carbon-intensive – a lot of emissions get created during its manufacture. This is in contrast to other materials such as wood, which is theoretically carbon neutral.” 

Another driving factor is that basements are a lot bigger in new homes than in older ones. This is partly due to a desire for more space, but it may also be impacted by zoning requirements that limit how much of the house can be above ground. 

“In a lot of areas, taller buildings are prohibited, as are buildings that come too close to the edge of the property,” says Arceo. “These kinds of rules incentivize underground construction. Basements are no longer just the foundation, they are designed to be part of the living space.” 

The team hopes that by improving estimates of the underlying material intensity, they can help create more accurate life cycle analysis models. 

But more importantly in the short term, they hope that their findings about what drives material intensity — and what doesn’t — will help engineers and developers design greener buildings and encourage urban planning policies that support them. 

“The vast majority of the conversation about sustainable houses right now is about gadgets and technology,” says Saxe. “People want to put solar panels on the roof, or point out how they are using better insulation. Those are great, but it’s also really important to think about how much of a difference you can make by building something that is reasonably sized, using a reasonable amount of material.”